2019 SundayImage Interpretation Session
Dr. Neil M. Rofsky
Dr. Neil M. Rofsky
Professor and Chair of Radiology
Effie and Wofford Cain Distinguished Chair in Diagnostic Imaging
UT Southwestern Medical Center
Primary Clinical Interest
• Body MRI
Primary Academic Interest
• Prostate Cancer
• Leadership Development
Interests Outside of Medicine
• Rock, Jazz, Blues; Classical Music
• Skiing
• Traveling with family
Dr. Govind Chavhan
Dr. Govind Chavhan
Associate Professor of Radiology
University of Toronto;
Staff Pediatric Radiologist - The Hospital for Sick Children
Primary Clinical Interest-
• Pediatric general body imaging
• GI, Hepatobiliary and pediatric gynecologic imaging
Primary Academic Interest-
• Pediatric body MRI, application of newer MRI techniques in pediatric body MRI
Interests Outside of Medicine-
• Watching Bollywood movies
Dr. Yoshimi Anzai
Dr. Yoshimi Anzai
Professor of Radiology
Associate Chief Quality Officer of Health System, Adjunct Professor of Population Health Sciences
University of Utah Medical Center
Primary Clinical Interests
• Imaging of Head and neck and thyroid cancer
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Dementia
Primary Academic Interests
• Hypoxia imaging of head and neck cancer
• Health care system innovation
• Comparative effective research of medical imaging
• Gender equity, diversity, and inclusion
Dr. Yoshimi Anzai
Interests Outside of Medicine
• Wife and mother
• Multi-tasking
• Gardening, Yoga, Pilates,
• A food lover and self professed “decent“ cook
• Advocate for women
- Past president of AAWR
- AAWR Marie Curie Award this year
Dr. Nicole Hindman
Dr. Nicole Hindman
Associate Professor of Radiology and Surgery
Director of Diversity and Inclusion, Radiology
MRI Safety Officer
Director Female Pelvic Imaging
NYU School of Medicine
Primary Clinical Interest
• Bosniak Renal Cysts and Female Pelvic Imaging (Endometriosis/Fibroids/Leiomyosarcoma)
Primary Academic Interest
• Bosniak Renal Cysts and Pelvic Imaging (Endometriosis/Fibroids/Leiomyosarcoma)
Dr. Nicole Hindman
Outside of Medicine:
• I have 3 kids in 3 different schools in Manhattan
• Living like a New Yorker:
• My family of 5 in an 1100 sq ft apt in NYC…
• ……but I have spectacular views of the East River and the Chrysler Building
• I don’t own a car
• I outsource laundry, grocery delivery and housekeeping
• Hobbies:
• Raising 3 kids in Manhattan
• Late night emails/phone calls from the Chairman of Surgery for imaging consults
• Fun facts:
• My father is an Erdos 1 in Mathematics –
• He invited the Hindman theorem in Mathematics, a branch of Ramsey theory
• I am a Fifth Member of Metallica (part of the Fan club)
Dr. Don C. Yoo
Dr. Don C. Yoo
Professor of Diagnostic Imaging, Clinician Educator
Director of Nuclear Medicine, The Miriam Hospital
Director of Medical Student Radiology Education
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Chair, ACR Commission on Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
Primary Clinical Interest
• Oncologic PET/CT
Primary Academic Interest
• Teaching medical students and residents
Interests Outside of Medicine:
• Played division 1 tennis in college
• Still enjoys playing tennis… hopefully without getting hurt!
Dr. Philippe A. Grenier
Dr. Philippe A. Grenier
Professor of Radiology
Sorbonne Université
Pitié-Salpetriere Hospital Paris France
Primary Clinical Interest
• Chest Radiology
Primary Academic Interest
• Airways and interstitial lung disease.
• COPD- Functional lung imaging
Interests Outside of Medicine
• Hiking in the Alps mountains (Switzerland and Italy)
• Contemporary Art
- visiting galleries and museums
- collecting pieces from young promising artists)
Dr. Jessica W. T. Leung
Dr. Jessica Leung
Professor of Diagnostic Radiology
Deputy Chair, Department of Breast Imaging
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Primary Clinical Interest
• Multimodality imaging augmented by biopsy techniques to screen, diagnose, and manage breast cancer
Primary Academic Interest
• Outcomes-based studies for breast imaging in breast cancer detection and prognostication
Interests Outside of Medicine
• Chinese calligraphy
• Bartending/expert at making cocktails
• Sushi on different continents
• Travel
Dr. S. Nahum Goldberg
Dr. S. Nahum Goldberg
Vice-Chairman for Research,
Unit Chief, Interventional Oncology, Dept. of Radiology,
Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Professor of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and Hebrew University
Primary Clinical Interest
• Interventional Oncology
Primary Academic Interest
Interests Outside of Medicine
• Family
• Travel
• Adventure
Dr. Robert Boutin
Dr. Robert Boutin
Clinical Professor of Radiology
Stanford University
Primary Clinical Interest
• MSK MRI
Primary Academic Interest
• Opportunistic CT
Interests Outside of Medicine
• When not gripping the handlebars, he enjoys investigating the ubiquitous mysteries of…….knuckle cracking!!
Audience…are you ready for Diagnosis Live?
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• Use your RSNA username and password
• Join PS12
Diagnosis Live Case _Warm up Indicate the most likely candidate for a true lumen.
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Diagnosis Live Warm up 2:What is true about the composer, Sergei Rachmaninoff?
A. He had Marfan’s Disease
B. He was born in Belarus
C. His work inspired a 1970’s hit song, “All By Myself”
D. A shirt, the “Man-Enough” was designed in his honor
E. His “Rach 3” is a staple in the repertoire for beginning pianists.
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Pediatric Radiology
7-year-old male with chronic abdominal pain PMH: AsthmaPSH: Tonsillectomy
Initial radiograph
CT 1 month later
CT 1 month later
Coronal T1
Coronal T2 fat sat
MRI 5 months later
Axial T1
MRI 5 months later
mDixon post
MRI 5 months later
Diagnosis Live Case…
Identify the key findings on this image.
Axial T1
Dx Live 1, Pediatrics,The finding indicates...?
A. Internal hernia
B. Degos Disease
C. Intussusception
D. Meckel’s Diverticulum
E. Crohn’s Disease
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Pediatric Case Discussion
Summary of Findings
• Fairly well defined fat containing mass
• Solid enhancing nodules and tortuous network of vessels (?vascular pedicle / vascular anomaly)
• Origin: Stomach wall (lesser curvature) >> gastrohepatic ligament
• No calcifications
Summary of Findings
• Additional findings:
-Few other fat containing lesions- in SB and descending colon
-Fatty proliferation around GE junction
-Small bowel intussusception
Differentials
• Gastric teratoma
• Solitary simple lipoma
• Liposarcoma
• Giant hamartoma/lipomatous polyp
• Less likely (not fat containing and look of it does not match with) -
- Lymphoma
- GIST
- Inflammatory pseudotumor
Differentials
FindingsGastric teratomaSolitary LipomaLiposarcomaGiant hamartoma/ lipomatouspolypFatcontent No calcificationsWell-defined~Other similar bowel lesionsFat proliferation elsewhereVascular tortuosity/ anomaly / pedicle
Diagnostic Possibility
• Giant hamartoma/lipomatous polyp of stomach with GI polyposis
• Differentials-
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS)
Peutz-Jegher syndrome (PJS)
Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
Polyposis
FindingsPHTSPJSJPSFAPChildhood presentationLatechildhoodStomach polypsRareRareFat content of polyps (on imaging)Fat proliferation elsewhereApparent vascular anomaly
My Favoured Diagnosis
• PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS)
Cowden syndrome (presentation after 20 yrs)
Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley syndrome (early childhood presentation, hemangioma/vascular anomaly common)
Proteus syndrome and Proteus-like syndrome (haphazard growth/gigantism in mosaic distribution)
Bannayan-Ruvalcaba-Riley syndrome
Correct Diagnosis
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, BRR type
Case courtesy of:
Jonathan Dillman, MD, MSc
Cincinnati Children’s
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor syndrome
• A spectrum of hamartomatous overgrowth syndromes associated with germ-line mutations in the tumor suppressor PTEN gene located on 10q23.3.
• Cowden syndrome
• Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (earlier age)
• Lhermitte–Duclos disease
• Proteus-like syndrome
• Inherited in an autosomal dominant manner
• Loss of PTEN leads to increased cellular growth, migration, proliferation, and survival
Piccione M, et al. Am J Med Genet Part A 2013; 161A:2902–2908
Blumenthal, G., Dennis, P. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1289–1300
References
Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1289–1300
Am J Med Genet Part A 2013; 161A:2902–2908
J Natl Cancer Inst;2013;105:1607–1616
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Neuroradiology
Neuroradiology Case
• HPI: 28 yo female with hx of ear infections presents with asymmetric and asynchronous bilateral hearing loss.
• Right HL in 2/2018
• Left HL in 5/2018
• Treated with tympanostomy tubes
• Bl Bell’s Palsy in 3/2018 treated w/ steroids & antivirals, after which ears “felt better”
• Current symptoms: L sided tinnitus described as “whooshing”
• SH & ROS: Negative
• ENT: nasopharyngeal endoscopy normal
• Audiology findings: See next
SL
DWI, b=1000
FLAIR
precontrast fatsat T1
T2WI
precontrast fatsat T1
Post-contrast fatsat T1
post contrast fat sat T1 images
Pre/Post Comparisons
Coronal post contrast T1WI's
Neuroradiology Case Discussion
SL
L
R
Summary of imaging findings
• Diffuse infiltrative skull base lesions –Deep NP mucosal space, CS, RPS, PVS along eustachian tube – Bil. multispacial disease
• T2 hypointensity with avid contrast enhancement
• L ICA encasement and narrowing
• Bil. ME /mastoid opacity with T1 hyperintensity with enhancement
• Subtle enhancement of B cochlear & L round window
• Enhancement along tympanic segment of facial nerve & GSPN
• Thickening along with eustachian tube on L>R
• Left middle cranial fossa dural enhancement
Imaging – pertinent negative & clinical history
• Bilateral process
• Multi-spatial process
• Rapid progression
• Response to steroids
• No lymphadenopathy
• No aggressive bone destruction
• No ossicular destruction/erosion
• No diffusion restriction
• No basilar meningitis/leptomeningeal enhancement
• No paranasal sinus abnormality
• No vasogenic edema in brain
• No mastoid erosion
• No PPF invasion
Differential Diagnosis
• Neoplasm – ALL UNLIKELY
• SchwannomaT2 signal
• ParagangliomaBone changes and no flow void
• LymphomaNo restricted diffusion
• ChondrosarcomaT2 signal mass w chondroid matrix
• ChordomaNot well circumscribed mass
• LymphomaNo restricted diffusion
• NPC (scc, acc)NP scope -, no bone destruction
• Infection – Unlikely
• osteomyelitis - No permeative bone destruction
• Congenital - Unlikely
My imaging based differential diagnosis
• Inflammatory / autoimmune disease
• Multi-spatial dz, T2 hypointensity, encasing and narrowing ICA, enhancement, no aggressive bone destruction
• Skull base inflammatory pseudotumor
• IgG4-related disease
• Granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) – AKA Wegener granulomatosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Amyloidosis (age and gender do not match, subacute presentation)
My imaging based differential diagnosis
• Inflammatory / autoimmune disease
• Multi-spatial dz, T2 hypointensity, encasing and narrowing ICA, enhancement, no aggressive bone destruction
• Skull base inflammatory pseudotumor
• IgG4-related disease
• Granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) – AKA Wegener granulomatosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Amyloidosis (age and gender do not match, subacute presentation)
H&P and Imaging
• 28 yo female with hx of ear infections presents with asymmetric and asynchronous bilateral hearing loss (R-CHL, L-MHL)
• NP mass along eustachian tube to ME => airway related disease => serous OM
• ME/Mastoid enhancement => granulomatous dz involvement
• Subtle inner ear enhancement =>IE involvement
• FN enhancement
• Systemic, infiltrative, hemorrhagic granulomatous disease in ME/ IE/skull base
• Skull base inflammatory pseudotumor
• IgG4-related disease
• Sarcoidosis – chronic, leptomeningeal
• Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis –(GPA) AKA Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Diagnosis Live 2, Neuro,A useful test to order would be...?
A. Anti-Jo-1 antibody
B. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
C. HLA-B27
D. C-ANCA
E. Temporal artery biopsy
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C-ANCA positive
• Cytoplasmic staining Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
Correct Diagnosis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
Biopsy confirmed
Case courtesy of:
Yvonne W. Lui, MD
NYU Langone Medical Center
Discussion: Granulomatous Disease
• Multiple etiologies with granuloma formation
• Inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, hereditary, idiopathic
• Often with systemic manifestations & multi-organ involvement
• Some imaging findings may overlap with malignancy (e.g. bone destruction).
• Clinical hx + laboratory findings + imaging facilitates diagnosis & tx plan
• Autoimmune GDs with head and neck manifestations include
• Granulomatous with Polyangiitis (GPA)
• Churg-Strauss syndrome
• Behçet disease
Discussion: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
• Formerly referred to as Wegener’s
• Incidence = 3 to 12 per million per year
• Rare, multisystem vasculitis with a classic triad
• Necrotizing respiratory tract granulomas
• Small vessel vasculitis
• Renal disease
• In up to 90% of patients, the first sx’s arise in the head and neck region
• Rhinitis
• Sinusitis
• Epistaxis
• The overall incidence of pulmonary involvement is between 60% and 85%.
TREATMENT
Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is a
mainstay for most dz stages
References
Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010;36(3):507–526
RadioGraphics 2014; 34:1240–1256
AJR 2015; 205 : W619-W629
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Body Imaging
Body Imaging Case
• A 60 year-old woman had surgical excision of an ovarian dermoid cyst twenty years ago
• Pelvic US surveillance scans performed for complex adnexal cysts
• Most recent ultrasound showed increased complexity of the ovaries and a CT examination was recommended for further evaluation
• The CEA, CA -125 and CA 19-9 levels were normal.
Body Case Discussion
Imaging findings
• Multiple small uniformly hyperdense nodules in the peritoneum/surgical incision site
• Ovarian mulitlocular cysts with thin septations
• No ascites
• No omental caking
• Uterus in situ (no fibroids)
Differential Diagnosis
• Dermoid cyst removed 20 years ago
• SCC associated with Dermoid
• Growing teratoma syndrome
• Immature Teratoma
• Ruptured dermoid cyst
• Gliomatosis peritoneii
• Peritoneal inclusion cyst
• Strumi ovarii with peritoneal strumosis
Differential Diagnosis
• Complex adnexal cysts under surveillance since that time
• SCC associated with Dermoid
• Growing teratoma syndrome
• Immature Teratoma
• Ruptured dermoid cyst
• Gliomatosis peritoneii
• Peritoneal inclusion cyst
• Strumi ovarii with peritoneal strumosis
Differential Diagnosis
• Increased complexity of adnexal cysts; normal CEA, CA 19-9, CA-125
• SCC associated with Dermoid: tumor markers high
• Growing teratoma syndrome: tumor markers high
• Immature Teratoma: tumor markers high
• Ruptured dermoid cyst- implants have fat
• Gliomatosis peritoneii- implants are glial/low
• Peritoneal inclusion cyst- no implants
Strumi ovarii with peritoneal strumosis:
-multiloculated cystic mass
-high atten implants (thyroid tissue)
Gliomatosis Peritoneii
Growing teratoma
syndrome
Disseminated
Leiomyomatosis
Struma Ovarii with Mature Teratoma
Quiz Case
…followed by peritoneal strumosis
Diagnosis: Struma ovarii
(associated with mature cystic teratoma) with
peritoneal strumosis
Correct Diagnosis
Peritoneal Strumosis
Case courtesy of:
Evan S. Siegelman, MD
University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
Struma Ovarii
Diagnosis Live 3, Abdomen:What % of struma ovarii cases are associated with thyrotoxicosis?
A. <10%
B. 10-40%
C. 41-70%
D. 71-90%
E. >90%
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References
Pathology. 2007 Feb;39(1):139-46.
J Gynecol Oncol 2008;19(2):135-8.
International Journal of Gynecological Pathology 2009; 28: 405-422
Thyroid 2015;25(2):211-5.
JCDR 2019; 13: QR1-QR5
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear Medicine Case
• 36 year old woman presented with a 6 month history of vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and diffuse, vague bone pain, low grade fevers
• Pertinent abnormal physical exam
• Friable cervical mass and some tenderness on pelvic exam
• Pertinent abnormal laboratory data:
• Leukocyte count 34,500 (77% neutrophils, 22% bands, 8% monocytes)
• Hemoglobin 8.2 g/dl
T2-weighted MRI
18F FDG PET CT
Nuclear Medicine Case Discussion
36 year old woman presented with a 6 month history Vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and diffuse, vague bone pain, low grade feversPhysical exam - Friable cervical mass and some tenderness on pelvic exam
Mass in the cervix on MRI has intense uptake on FDG PET
Highly suspicious for cervical cancer
36 year old woman presented with a 6 month history Vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and diffuse, vague bone pain, low grade feversPhysical exam - Friable cervical mass and some tenderness on pelvic exam
Bilateral enlarged external iliac chain lymph nodes on MRI have increased uptake on PET
Highly suspicious for cervical cancer with metastatic lymphadenopathy
Diffuse marrow hyperplasia and more
Pertinent abnormal laboratory data:
-Leukocyte count 34,500
(77% neutrophils, 22% bands, 8% monocytes)
-Hemoglobin 8.2 g/dl
Vague bone pain, low grade fevers
DDX
Cervical Cancer with paraneoplastic syndrome
Cervical Cancer with underlying “infection”
Cervical Lymphoma with underlying “infection”
Diffuse marrow hyperplasia and more
Paraneoplastic syndrome with Leukocytosis
Can occur with lung, gastrointestinal cancers, breast cancer, brain tumor, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and rarely cervical cancer.
Leukocytosis occurs because of production of hematopoietic growth factors G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-6.
Ahn HJ, Park YH, Chang YH, et al. A case of uterine cervical cancer presenting with granulocytosis. Korean J Intern Med. 2005;20(3):247–250.
Corollary Case 41 year old woman with cervical lymphoma
Pretreatment - anemia and leukocytosis has adverse effect on 5-year PFS and OS
Worse survival in patients with both anemia and leukocytosis (PFS: 72% vs 42%,
OS: 68% vs 37%
p < 0.0001)
Summary
MRI shows mass in the cervix and bilateral enlarged external iliac chain lymph nodes with increased uptake on PET
-Highly suspicious for cervical cancer with metastatic adenopathy
PET also shows diffuse marrow hyperplasia, Labs - anemia and leukocytosis
DDX
Cervical Cancer with paraneoplastic syndrome
Cervical Cancer with underlying “infection”
Cervical Lymphoma with underlying “infection”
Best Diagnosis
Cervical Cancer with paraneoplastic syndrome
Additional clinical information
• Flow cytometry of peripheral blood
• No clonality
• Hypercellular bone marrow w/ trilineage hematopoiesis, 1% blasts, no clonality
• No metastatic disease identified in bone marrow
• Serum granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 389 pg/mL (nl < 30)
Correct Diagnosis
Intern Med 1992; 31: 861-865
Blood 2008; 111 (2): 485-491
Annals of Nuclear Medicine 2008 22:635-9
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32: 707
Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:2047–2056
Medicine 2016; 95:52
World J Clin Oncol 2016; 7(5): 380-38
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
paraneoplastic syndrome
Case courtesy of:
Kathryn A. Morton, MD
University of Utah Medical Center
Diffuse homogeneous bone marrow FDG uptake usually reflects hyperplastic bone marrow
• Therapy-related
• granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• post-chemotherapy
• Erythropoietin
• Pathological process
• myelodysplastic syndromes
• beta thalassemia
• Chronic myeloid leukemia
• interleukins in pyrexic states
• adult-onset Still’s disease
• cytokines in tumors
• diffuse marrow metastases (less likely)
• severe anemia (hyperplastic marrow)
• “Super BMU” indicates bone marrow malignant infiltration mostly from lymphoma and leukemia.
Diagnosis Live 4, NM:Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor is best characterized as…
A. a prostaglandin
B. an enzyme
C. a glucocorticoid
D. a cytokine
E. a lipoprotein
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Hematopoietic Cytokines
Cytokines: cell-signaling molecules (peptides) that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis
• Control the production of hematopoietic cells
• Each cytokine has multiple actions mediated by receptors that initiate the various responses
Cytokines can be found endogenously or introduced exogenously
(as therapeutics)
Action on
multiple lineages
Lineage
restricted
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
• Clinical manifestations of a malignancy induced by biological substances secreted by malignant neoplasm such as
• Hormones
• Cytokines
• Growth factors
• Cancer-associated immune reactions
• A variety clinical disorders, such as
• Anemia
• Thrombosis
• Erythrocytosis
• Granulocytosis
• Hypercalcemia
• Neurological
• Endocrine
• Dermatological....
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor paraneoplastic syndrome
• Paraneoplastic production of G-CSF can occur by tumors
• Lung
• Cervix
• Bladder
• HCC
• Pancreas
• Associated w/ hypermetabolism of red marrow: skeleton (+/- spleen) on FDG PET
• Typically resolves with treatment
• Should be included in the differential of diffuse red marrow hypermetabolism on FDG PET in an untreated patient with cancer and leukocytosis
Pre-treatment
Post-treatment (chemoradiation)
References
Intern Med 1992; 31: 861-865
Blood 2008; 111 (2): 485-491
Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32: 707
Clin Rheumatol 2015; 34:2047–2056
Medicine 2016; 95:52
World J Clin Oncol 2016; 7(5): 380-38
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Chest
Chest Case
•49 year old woman
•Non-smoker
•Long history of chronic cough
•Occasional flushing, headache, diarrhea
EXPIR
INSPIR
INSPIR
EXPIR
INSP
EXP
7-mm MIP
7-mm MIP
Chest Case Discussion
•49 year old woman
• Non-smoker
•Long history of chronic cough
•Occasional flushing, headache, diarrhea
Airflow limitation by obstruction of the small airways
EXPIR
INSPIR
INSPIR
EXPIR
INSPIR
EXPIR
Mosaic Perfusion and Expiratory Air Trapping
7 mm MIP
Multiple Small Pulmonary Nodules
7 mm MIP
Diagnosis Live, Case 5 – Chest:My best diagnosis is:
A. Rheumatoid lung
B. BOOP
C. Vaping lung
D. DIPNECH
E. Early benign metastasizing leiomyoma
F. I haven’t a clue
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DELAY REVEAL
Causes of Mosaic Perfusion and Air Trapping
• Smoking-related small airway disease (non smoker patient)
• Chronic Asthma (no history of asthma)
• Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (no ground glass opacity)
• Sarcoidosis (no lymphatic distribution of small nodules)
• Obliterative (Constrictive) Bronchiolitis
Causes of Obliterative Bronchiolitis
• Idiopathic
• Post-infectious
• Post-inhalation of Toxic gases, Fumes or Dusts
• Post-organ or Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Sjögren Syndrome / Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease
• Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine CellHyperplasia (DIPNECH)
Occasional flushing, headache, diarrhea
Diagnosis:
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH)
Correct Diagnosis
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH)
Case courtesy of:
Holman P. McAdams, M.D
Duke University Medical Center
Diagnosis Live, Case 5 – ChestMy best diagnosis is:
A. Rheumatoid lung
B. BOOP
C. Vaping lung
D. DIPNECH
E. Early benign metastasizing leiomyoma
F. I haven’t a clue
Proliferation of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells thatdo not cross the basement membrane. Secretion of peptides lead to obliterative bronchiolitis(mosaic perfusion and expiratory air trapping)Proliferations extending beyond the basementmembrane (small pulmonary nodules).Tumorlets: <5m in diameterCarcinoid tumor: a proliferation ≥5 mmClinical carcinoid syndrome very unusual in DIPNECH pts; it typically reflects liver metastases from malignant carcinoid tumor
D iffuseI diopathic
P ulmonary
N euroendocrine
C ell
H yperplasia
(DIPNECH)
Am J Surg Pathol 2018; 42:646–655
Right lung VATS biopsy
peribronchiolar neuroendocrine
cell proliferation
carcinoid tumorlet
+ Immunohistochemical stain for synaptophysin A confirms neuroendocrine differentiation
Courtesy John Carney, MD
Fibrous occlusion of bronchiole adj to pulmonary artery *
occluded bronchiole cut longitudinally
*
focus of NECH
Courtesy John Carney, MD
DIPNECH - History
• Aguayo et al. (1992)
• Six symptomatic patients (asthma, dyspnea, cough)
• pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumorlets
• obliterative bronchiolitis
N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1285-1288
DIPNECH v. DIPNECH Syndrome
DIPNECH syndrome
DIPNECH
Much less common (rare)
Symptomatic individuals
More foci
Obliterative bronchiolitis
Incidental finding resection specimens
5-40% of carcinoid tumor specimens
Most are asymptomatic
No obliterative bronchiolitis
DIPNECH Syndrome
• Demographics
middle age women
non-smokers
• Signs & symptoms
“asthma”, dyspnea, chronic cough
Occasionally (rarely!) flushing, headaches
fixed obstruction on PFTs
DIPNECH Syndrome - Imaging
• Inspiratory CT
• scattered nodules, lower lobe predominant
• mosaic attenuation
• bronchial wall thickening
• mild bronchiectasis
• Expiratory CT
• air-trapping
DIPNECH Syndrome
• Outcome
• most remain stable
• small number progressive deterioration
• Treatment
• inhaled corticosteroids
• somatostatin analogs
• sirolimus
References
N Engl J Med 1992: 327: 1285-1288
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 8-16
Clin Nucl Med 2016;41: 239–240
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198: 1223–1225
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Breast
Breast Case
•45 year old woman
•Screening mammogram
•No remarkable history
08.2015
• 45 year old woman, screening mammogram.
• No contributing history.
08.2015
• Screening US demonstrates a right retroareolar intraductal mass with increased vascularity.
• Patient underwent US-guided core biopsyyielding a diagnosis of papilloma.
• Subsequently, patient developed an infection at the biopsy site, was treated with antibiotics, and the redness andtenderness resolved.
• After 2 months, patient continued to feel swelling in the upper right breast.
• An ultrasound was performed.
10.2015
10.2015
A second biopsy was performed
12.2015
12.2015
ADC
DWI
06.2016
06.2016
12.2016
12.2015
06.2016
12.2016
Breast Case Discussion
45 yo woman; no contributory history; bilateral screening mammogram
Density category C heterogeneously dense
Nonspecific nodular pattern
No specific mammographic features of malignancy
BI-RADS assessment category 1 negative
MLO
CC
45 yo woman; no contributory history; screening breast ultrasound
US: right retroareolar intraductal mass
Doppler: hypervascular
DDx: papilloma, DCIS
US-core papilloma
After biopsy…..infection at biopsy site…..treated with antibiotics with resolution of redness and tenderness
Two (2) months later…..persistent swelling in right upper breast
US: oval hypoechoic mass, circumscribed, mild posterior enhancement
Doppler: avascular
DDx: fibroadenoma, cyst with debris, cancer, post-residual abscess in this clinical setting
Right 1:00 4 cm FN radial
Right 1:00 4 cm FN antiradial
Two (2) months later…..persistent swelling in right upper breast…..US shown previously…..second biopsy performed
CC
CC (initial)
MLO (initial)
Lateral
Four (4) months later
MIP
Subtraction
Subtraction
T1
Four (4) months later
Pre gad GRE FS
T1
DWI
ADC
DWI
T2
Post gad GRE FS
ADC
Ten (10) months later
Pre gad GRE FS
T1
T2
Subtraction
Ten (10) months later
T1
Subtraction
MIP
T2
T1
Subtraction
Sixteen (16) months later
T1
Subtraction
MIP
T2
T1
Subtraction
10 months
4 months
16 months
MIP
Sub
T1
Differential Diagnoses
• Tumor: inflammatory breast cancer, lymphoma
• Infection: bacterial, mycobacterial (tuberculosis)
• Fibrosis: stromal fibrosis, diabetic mastopathy
• Inflammation
• Sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, periductal mastitis, eosinophilic mastitis, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis
Titanium Clip Allergic Response?
Pre tx
Post tx
“This is the first reported case of IGM occurring either secondary to or associated with a percutaneous biopsy.”
“What makes IGM particularly important is its propensity to resemble breast cancer.”
Diagnosis: Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
Case courtesy of:
Elizabeth Morriss, M.D
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Professor of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
• Noninfectious, inflammatory process
• Lobulocentric, noncaseating granulomas
• AFB and fungal cultures negative
Non-caseating granulomas center around ducts and lobules
Pathology Courtesy of Susan Lester, MD, PhD; Brigham & Women’s Hospital
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
• Parous; mean age 30’s
• Postpartum; breastfeeding history
• Palpable mass(es); erythema; warmth; induration + tenderness
• Draining sinus tracts
• Dx based on clinical course, biopsy to exclude cancer + stains/cultures (AFB, fungal) to exclude infection
Drawing Source: Pluguez-Turull CW et al. Radiographics; 2018; 38: 330-356
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
• Mammography
• Global/focal asymmetry, irregular mass(es), distortion
• Trabecular/skin thickening, adenopathy
• Ultrasound
• Irregular mass(es), indistinct hypoechogenicity, abscess(es), hypervascularity
• MRI
• Rim, heterogeneous irregular mass(es)
• Regional, segmental nonmass enhancement
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis
• Management
• Corticosteroids + antimicrobials
• Surgical debridement
• Time (50% spontaneous remission)
• But intermittent relapse not uncommon
References
AJR 2009; 193:574–81
J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(3):270–3
Breast Cancer. 2012;15(1):119–23
Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(4):801–7
Breast Dis. 2015;35(1):19–24
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Vascular Interventional Radiology
VIR CASE
41 yo female at initial presentation
• Presented in 2010 with abdominal pain; CT showed a pelvic mass.
• Resection of the mass yielded a diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor.
2010
• Surveillance scanning in 2014 showed a new pelvic mass
• Resection of this mass also yielded a diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor
2014
• Surveillance scanning in 2018-2019 showed progressive hepatic involvement
• Arterial phase fat suppressed T1W 3D images from 2019 are presented………..
2019
2019
2019: MRI
3 months later
41 yo female at initial presentation
• What are your thoughts on the case?
• What are your suggestions for next steps?
VIR Case Discussion
Thoughts / Approach:
• What diagnostic / pathologic features may be present that facilitate successful interventional oncologic therapy ?
• What has been accomplished so far ? / What still needs to be done ?
• What is the best way to treat ?
SFT: Diagnostic / pathologic features
• Spindle cell tumor
• formally known as hemagiopericytoma, angiofibroma, etc..
• Rare
• Recurrent (15 – 33%)
• All over the body (here multiple tumors in the liver)
• Highly angiogenic – collateral feeding vessels
Wignall et al. AJR 2010
2019: MRI
3 months later
2019
Celiac Artery Injection
Available Therapeutic Options:
• Surgery – likely not optimal
• Multiple episodes / recurrences
• Multiple tumors to resect
• “Vascular nature of the tumors and the presence of large collateral feeding vessels frequently made surgical removal technically difficult.”
• No standardized efficacy proven chemotherapy (including anti-angiogenics)
• Interventional Oncology
• Percutaneous ablation
• Transcatheter embolotherapy
Tumor Ablation
(Chemo-)
embolization
Liver IO: Selecting the appropriate therapy
• Approach determined by presentation of disease
• Percutaneous ablation - focal, limited disease ( < 4 tumors, < 4-5 cm)
• Transcatheter - multifocal, extensive disease
• Combination therapies (sequential and/or simultaneous) likely to provide best outcome in many cases
Selecting appropriate IO therapy: Potential mitigating factors
• Percutaneous – dome, irregular, and surface tumors more challenging /less ideal to treat
• Transcatheter – require identifying a blood supply to embolize
Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Extrahepatic Collateral Blood Supply: Anatomic and Technical Considerations
Moustafa et al. Radiographics 2017
2019: MRI
3 months later
Hints of additional (?? capsular) feeding vessels
Selecting appropriate therapy for the current case:
• “Ablation profile” less favorable for success – dome, irregular, and surface tumors
• Transcatheter –
• “Worked the last time”
• Pathology and imaging suggest a blood supply to embolize
Bottom line:
Start with a search for the feeders / consider ablation if not successful
What agent to embolize:
• Limited data
• Bland - Valayarti et al. (MSKCC), Sarcoma 2019
• Chemo- El Khouli et al. (Hopkins), JCAT 2008
• Radio (Yt90) - SIR 2015 multicenter abstract
Bottom line:
“Go with what you know”, greatest institutional experience
Diagnosis Live, Case 7 – VIR:Identify the true statement (s) regarding SFT…
A. Most are malignant
B. Most are asymptomatic
C. Often present with hypoglycemia
D. Most are benign
E. Most are found in the abdomen
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Solitary Fibrous Tumor
VIR Case
• Chemoembolization is an option but this tumor may be chemoresistant
• Can be radiation sensitive. Y90 was considered as a good choice.
• Post Y90 images show that the non-responding lesions were supplied by extrahepatic arteries (which also supply the skin). Thus, Y90 was not chosen.
• Surgical resection of these lesions is now considered.
Case courtesy of:
Sanjeeva Kalva, M.D
MGH, Harvard Medial School
2019 RSNA
Image Interpretation Session
Musculoskeletal Radiology
MSK CASE
Presentation:
A 44-year-old male presented with great toe soft tissue mass measuring 2.3 x 5.6 x 2.0 cm. Additional, similar appearing smaller lesions were present in the adjacent soft tissues measuring ≤1 cm.
HISTORY
• Medication history: Hypertension, No DM, No Cardiac history, Describes intermittent headaches
• Surgical history:
• 2 procedures on his left foot as a child (outside report- neurofibroma)
• Appendectomy at age 30; Pt recalls being told of a "mass" on an enlarged appendix
• Right medial forearm benign mass excised at age 26
• Family history:
• Congestive heart failure
• Mother with a ‘brain tumor’ diagnosed at age 76.
• Physical Exam
• Firm but soft mass on left great toe without skin changes, 3-4cm,
• No Clubbing, no Cyanosis, no Edema
• On the right upper extremity is a 1.5 cm diameter, raised, flesh colored, mobile skin lesion incidentally noted
DIXON T2 WI
Out of Phase
In Phase
Water only
Fat only
Pre-contrast FS T1W
Post-contrast FS T1W
DWI
ADC
ADC = 1.88 x 10-3 mm2/sec
May, 2017
Jan, 2019
MSK Case Discussion
Diagnosis Live, Case 8 – MSKThe high signal on ‘fat-excluded’ MR sequences indicates:
A. Muscular hyperplasia
B. Malignancy
C. Abscess
D. Slow flow
E. Lymphatic hypertrophy
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Musculoskeletal Case
44 year-old man
HISTORY
Firm toe mass
Adjacent masses < 1cm
PAST HISTORY: Masses
Left foot (child): ‘neurofibromas’
Right forearm (age 26): ‘benign’
Appendix (age 30): ‘mass’ NOS
44 year-old man
Radiography
Great toe
Soft-tissue mass
No calcification, gas, FB
No bone erosion, periostitis
Elsewhere
Smaller lesions not seen
PSIF
44 year-old man
MRI: Great toe
Morphology: Lobular
Soft-tissue mass
IR: Heterogeneous, hyperintense
T1
IR
T1: Subtle high signal
No perilesional edema
44 year-old man
MRI: Great toe
Soft-tissue mass
Morphology: Lobular
T2: Hyperintense
T1: Fat signal
POST-gad T1 fat-sat
PRE-gad T1 fat-sat
Gad contrast
Enhancement heterogeneous
44 year-old man
MRI: Diffusion
DWI
ADC ~ 1.9
ADC mean =
1.875.65 x 10-3 mm2/s
Intermediate
Cyst (> 2.5)
Sarcoma (< 1.3)
c/w Benign lesion
Vascular anomaly
PRE-gad T1 fat-sat
POST-gad T1 fat-sat
Lee SY, et al. BJR 2019; 92:1102
Wu G, et al. Medicine 2018; 97:50
44 year-old man
MRI: Dixon
POST-gad T1 fat-sat
Vascular channel
Fat in lesion
T2 (no fat-sat)
T2 out of phase
+ masses in foot & elsewhere
D/Dx: Multiple Tumors
Lipomatous: (+) fat; (-) CE
Neurogenic: (+)history; (-)shape
T2 with fat-sat
Fat only (water sat)
Vascular: (+) fat; (+) shape
✔
2019 Musculoskeletal Case
44 year-old man - Toe Mass
Recommend 1 exam?
Abdomen CT!
FAMILY HISTORY
Congestive heart failure
Mom: ‘brain tumor’ (age 76)
PATIENT HISTORY
Hypertension & headaches
Mobile skin lesion (arm, <2cm)
Musculoskeletal Case
44 year-old man - Toe Mass
Findings on
Abdomen CT
Areas of interest
Visceral fat prominence
Pertinent Negatives
Spine (no scoliosis; foramina ok)
Kidneys, pancreas, spleen ok
Colon: stool vs. polyps
Assume delayed IV contrast
Musculoskeletal Case
44 year-old man - Toe Mass
Findings on
Abdomen CT
Areas of interest
Visceral fat prominence
Pertinent Negatives
Spine (no scoliosis, foramen ok)
Kidneys, pancreas, spleen ok
Colon: stool vs polyps
More Distally … Fat-containing Mass in RLQ
Retroperitoneal
Mass effect on psoas
Large & heterogeneous
(stranding & nodule)
Infiltrative margins
Calcifications (phleboliths?)
Mass – Infiltrative, Large, Heterogeneous
Stable > 1.5 years Not highly aggressive
Consider benign mass hamartoma*
May 2017
January 2019
* “Benign tumor-like malformation of tissue that grows in a disorganized manner”
Summary: 44 year-old
Multiple benign masses
Multiple tissues
Benign, vascular mass in toe
Bilaterally
Challenging!
CE
T1
Key Findings
PTEN Hamartoma*
Tumor Syndrome
Multiple vascular anomalies
Soft-tissue overgrowth
Skin lesions
Unifying term for disorders caused by PTEN mutation
Cowden syn., Proteus-like syn., Lhermitte-Duclos disease
CE
T1
Differential Diagnosis
PTEN Hamartoma
Tumor Syndrome
Multiple vascular anomalies
Soft-tissue overgrowth
Skin lesions
Unifying term for disorders caused by PTEN mutation
Cowden syn., Proteus-like syn., Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Recommendation
1. Toe biopsy/resect PTEN
CE
T1
2. Headaches Brain MRI
Toe HistologyBenign fibrovascular
lesion
A cluster of small and medium sized vessels are present in fibrous stroma.
Vessels of varying size and wall thickness comprise the lesion.
A discrete vascular lesion is present in subcutaneous fat with irregular borders.
Brain MRI
T2W
T1W
Post-contrast T1W
Differential Diagnosis
PTEN Hamartoma
Tumor Syndrome
Multiple vascular anomalies
Soft-tissue overgrowth
Skin lesions
Unifying term for disorders caused by PTEN mutation
Cowden syn., Proteus-like syn., Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Recommendation
1. Toe biopsy/resect PTEN
CE
T1
2. Headaches Brain MRI
Lhermitte-Duclos*
*Dysplastic gangliocytoma in cerebellum
Follow-Up
• Subsequent colonoscopy revealed benign polyps and hamartomas
Correct Diagnosis
Radiology. 1995;194:699–703
Neurosurgery. 2000; 46:371-383
Acta Neurol Scand 2002;105:137–145
Radiology 2009; 251: 296–297
PTEN Hamartoma Syndrome
“COLD” Syndrome
COwden’s Lhermitte-Duclos
Case courtesy of:
Avneesh Chhabra, M.D
UT Southwestern Medical Center
LDD - A rare hamartomatous disorder
• Adults in 3rd – 4th decades, without gender predilection
• Sxs: Non-specific - headaches, cerebellar dysfunction, occlusive hydrocephalus and cranial nerve palsies
• MRI:
• Hypointense, non-enhancing cerebellar lesion on on T1WI,
• Hyperintense on T2-weighted images with a ‘tiger-striped’ appearance.
• Histo:
• replacement of the granular cell layer by a hamatomatous mass of large pleomorphic ganglion cells without invasive characteristics
• Treatment is surgical
Cowden
• 1st described in one family in 1963
• A rare multisystem disease
• Autosomal dominant inheritance
• A variety of mucocutaneous lesions
• Macrocephaly
• Increased frequency of hamartomas and neoplasia
• breast, thyroid, colon, genitourinary organs, and CNS
Last Diagnosis Live! End of session interactiveWith this image you might expect to hear...
A. TMJ popping
B. Knuckles cracking
C. Knees clicking
D. One hand clapping
E. Borborygmi